Automotive functional safety is the implementation of protective measures to eliminate or mitigate hazards caused by the failure or unintended behavior of a vehicle-level system. The ISO 26262 standard provides automotive manufacturers and their suppliers with best practices to help ensure that functional safety is achieved at every step of product riskThe first step of an automotive functional safety program is identifying and evaluating potential hazards through a Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment HARA. Typically, it is OEMs’ responsibility to conduct HARAs on vehicle-level features to identify potential hazards and hazard scenarios and to determine the risk reduction level required for each potential hazard identified. HARAs take into account the frequency and duration of exposure to a potential hazardous situation during a particular driving scenario, the amount of control needed to correct for the malfunctioning behavior to mitigate the potential hazard, and the severity of the potential consequences should the malfunctioning behavior are conducted on features at the vehicle level, not at the component or element level. For each potential hazard, a number of potential driving scenarios are considered. For example, in a forward collision mitigation system, the potential hazard of undesired braking would be assessed with respect to different driving scenarios, such as operating speed and driving conditions. When an OEM provides a supplier with a HARA, the supplier recommends amendments if it identifies additional hazards or potential worst-case scenarios. Assigning a risk reduction levelDuring the HARA, the OEM assigns each identified potential hazard an Automotive Safety Integrity Level ASIL rating. The ASIL rating indicates the amount of risk reduction needed to increase confidence that the feature will operate in a safe manner. If a potential hazard is not safety-related, the HARA will yield a QM rating, indicating that it is considered a quality management issue only and is covered under the supplier’s quality management process. The lowest rating is ASIL-A the least amount of risk reduction is required and the highest is ASIL-D the highest amount of risk reduction is required.For example, if a vehicle’s speed indicator suffers a failure during the vehicle start in the morning and shows no information at all it is set to zero all the time, the scenario could be classified as QM, because the driver could easily perceive the failure and choose to have the car towed to a mechanic or drive more cautiously. In other words, the controllability of the scenario is very high and the severity is low. In contrast, a scenario where the driver’s brakes fail at high speed could be classified as ASIL-D if the vehicle becomes uncontrollable, resulting in a high chance of someone getting badly hurt. To address these scenarios appropriately, ISO 26262 uses the ASIL rating to determine the rigor of the development steps the supplier must take and defines requirements for safety goals, including the followingFailures in time The FIT rate is the acceptable rate of failures for a vehicle within a given time period. The vehicle must meet the FIT rate dictated by the ASIL rating, but the OEM has the flexibility to choose the FIT rate for the underlying components within the system. Safety concept The safety concept or safety strategy determines how a failure is detected and how it should be controlled. Systems with higher ASIL ratings require a more stringent failure detection and response requirements The safety requirements dictate the appropriate response to any given failure. For example, if a sensor detects an internal safety-relevant issue, such as memory corruption, a fail-silent system might terminate communication via the controller area network within a defined amount of time in order to indicate its fault state to other systems. This is a typical safety mechanism described by safety requirements — but a fail-silent system is not always appropriate. For autonomous driving features, for example, the vehicle might employ a fail-operational system, which requires that a redundant system take over for the time necessary to bring the vehicle to a minimal risk state safely stopped on the shoulder.For systematic failures, following a rigorous development process helps increase confidence the feature will operate in a safe testing, integration and deploymentAutomotive functional safety utilizes the V-model throughout development. The V-model mandates that for every step of development, there must be a corresponding step in testing. Suppliers routinely assess their development processes to ensure that the required steps have been followed for both hardware and software development. The V-Model in Automotive ApplicationsOEMs, suppliers or independent companies perform functional safety audits and assessments on all relevant work products in order to help ensure that functional safety has been achieved. The ASIL rating dictates the level of independence required for the audits and assessments. Automotive functional safety extends beyond the point of sale. Advancements in over-the-air OTA updates open the door to continuous improvements. OEMs can reduce remediation costs by deploying software updates over Wi-Fi and cellular networks instead of performing those updates at a dealership. However, the OTA function brings additional safety-related and cybersecurity risks that must be taken into account. Functional safety requires a holistic management process to ensure proper oversight and complete system integration. Aptiv’s expertise with both the brain and nervous system of the vehicle helps us support the functional safety goals of our customers.

Adaptive Cruise ControlJeff XuCar and DriverAdaptive cruise control is a convenience that uses the car's radar and camera modules to alter the set cruising speed if it detects a slower vehicle ahead. When adaptive cruise control is engaged, the car will maintain a specific distance from the car in front; many cars come with three set options for the following distance. Some advanced versions of the feature will also bring the vehicle to a complete stop if the car ahead stops and will then start to back up when traffic begins to move. Such a feature is quite handy and reduces driver fatigue by allowing the use of cruise control in dense-traffic driving scenarios. Active Park AssistJeff XuCar and DriverUsing sonar and radar, vehicles equipped with active park assist will seek out and measure empty parking spots and then actively steer the vehicle into them while the driver operates the accelerator and brake. Some manufacturers offer both parallel- and perpendicular-parking capability, but some limit the vehicle to one or the other. In our experience, these systems aren't perfect and are easily tripped up by curbs, closely parked vehicles, or other environmental - Continue Reading BelowAutomated Emergency BrakingJeff XuCar and DriverUsing forward-facing cameras and radar, vehicles with automated emergency braking will warn the driver of an imminent forward collision with another vehicle, pedestrian, or object and then brake the vehicle on behalf of the driver if he or she takes no action. Some vehicles also come with a similar automated emergency braking system that works when the vehicle is reversing. We tested automated emergency braking on several vehicles and found that while they do indeed work as intended, they don't always brake hard enough or early enough to avoid the collision altogether, so drivers should not rely on such features. Some systems work only at low speeds, while more advanced systems work even at highway speeds. Automated emergency braking will be phased into all new cars as a standard feature by High-BeamsJeff XuCar and DriverHeadlamp systems that automatically switch to high-beams might seem like a new feature, but they've actually been around since the 1950s, when they debuted on General Motors' Cadillac, Buick, and Oldsmobile cars. Unlike the early systems, which relied on light-sensitive sensors that proved to be somewhat unreliable, today's automatic high-beams are controlled by high-tech camera modules that can more easily discern between an oncoming vehicle's headlamps and the reflection from road - Continue Reading BelowBlind-Spot MonitorJeff XuCar and DriverUsing sonar sensors in the rear bumpers or sometimes cameras in the exterior mirrors, blind-spot monitoring systems watch adjacent lanes and can alert the driver to other vehicles that might be in the driver's blind sport or hidden by the car's roof pillars. Most cars with this feature have warning lights in the exterior mirrors that illuminate or flash when a vehicle is detected close by and one lane over; some vehicles also beep if the turn signal is activated while a car is in the adjacent lane. We find blind-spot monitors generally work quite well and can help keep you from cutting off another driver. Driver-Attention MonitorJeff XuCar and DriverThis type of system keeps an eye on the driver to help prevent accidents caused by drowsy and distracted driving. Most systems use sensors to monitor the car's movements and volume of steering corrections to determine if the driver is attentively driving or is tired or texting. These systems provide a visual or audible alert to encourage taking a break from driving to perk up. More modern systems, like the one used in Cadillac's Super Cruise, use driver-facing cameras that watch for signs of - Continue Reading BelowForward-Collision WarningJeff XuCar and DriverSimilar to adaptive cruise control, forward-collision warning systems use radar, cameras, or both to watch the road ahead for slow or stopped traffic. Forward-collision warning is a more basic form of collision mitigation and will alert the driver–usually with both a visual and an audible warning–that a collision is imminent, in the hope that the driver will hit the brakes. These systems are sometimes accompanied by automated emergency braking that will brake for the driver if no action is taken, but drivers should be aware that not all vehicles combine both WarningJeff XuCar and DriverLane-departure warning is usually a camera-based driver-assistance feature that looks for lane markings and alerts the driver if the vehicle is in danger of wandering out of its lane or has begun to exit the lane without the turn signal being activated. Advertisement - Continue Reading BelowLane-Keeping AssistJeff XuCar and DriverUnlike lane-departure warning, a lane-keeping-assist feature will help prevent lane departure by making small corrections to the steering to keep the vehicle in the intended lane. While some systems still provide a visual or an audible alert to accompany the lane departure, some cars with lane-keeping assist will just quietly recenter the vehicle in the lane. This is usually easy to feel from behind the wheel as the car changes direction and the steering wheel moves without any steering adjustment by the driver. Night VisionJeff XuCar and DriverNight-vision features aren't yet a widespread driver-assistance feature. Currently, night-vision systems are offered on luxury cars from brands such as Audi, BMW, Cadillac, and Mercedes-Benz and use forward-facing thermographic cameras to watch for pedestrians, animals, and vehicles not easily seen in the dark by the naked eye. A small display, usually on the vehicle's infotainment screen, shows an image of what's ahead, with potential obstacles outlined in a heat signature. Depending on the system, the driver may receive a separate visual or audible alert to accompany the detection of an obstacle. We've found these systems difficult to drive by. Advertisement - Continue Reading BelowParking SensorsJeff XuCar and DriverParking sensors–also called proximity sensors–aid the driver during parking maneuvers by using ultrasonic transducers to locate obstacles such as parked cars, tall curbs, or bollards and alert the driver with a series of beeps that increase in tempo as the vehicle nears the object. Sensors are generally located on the front and rear bumpers. Pedestrian DetectionCar and DriverIn an attempt to protect those outside the vehicle, many modern cars come with a pedestrian-detection system that uses cameras to watch for people crossing the street or riding their bicycle in a shared lane. Some vehicles with this feature will also automatically brake if the system senses a collision with a pedestrian is - Continue Reading BelowRear Cross-Traffic AlertJeff XuCar and DriverUsing the same ultrasonic transducers as the vehicle's parking-sensor system or the sonars used for blind-spot monitoring, rear cross-traffic alert can warn the driver of vehicles or pedestrians approaching the rear of the vehicle from the side. The feature is particularly useful when backing out of parking spots in crowded lots. Some vehicles will also apply the brakes automatically to stop the vehicle in the event that it senses a collision is Driving ModeJeff XuCar and DriverLike Tesla's Autopilot system, Nissan's ProPilot Assist, and Cadillac's Super Cruise, semi-autonomous driving modes are handy features designed to help reduce driver fatigue. While these features don't turn your car into a fully autonomous vehicle, they do more of the driving than simple adaptive cruise control. For example, both Tesla's and Cadillac's systems allow the vehicle to steer itself on the highway and center itself in the intended lane while maintaining a set speed. Some systems will even change lanes if needed, either automatically or if the driver activates the turn signal. Advertisement - Continue Reading BelowTraffic-Sign RecognitionJeff XuCar and DriverAnother camera-based system, traffic-sign recognition looks for road signs, such as a posted speed limit, and presents the information to the driver as a reminder. Some systems can also recognize signs that indicate restrictions on passing and other road warnings. The traffic sign is often projected on the car's head-up display, gauge display, or infotainment screen as a reminder to the driver. Some vehicles will indicate the speed limit with a red line on the Editor, Buyer's GuideDrew Dorian is a lifelong car enthusiast who has also held a wide variety of consumer-focused positions throughout his career, ranging from financial counselor to auto salesperson. He has dreamed of becoming a Car and Driver editor since he was 11 years old—a dream that was realized when he joined the staff in April 2016. He’s a born-and-raised Michigander and learned to drive on a 1988 Pontiac Grand Am. His automotive interests run the gamut from convertibles and camper vans to sports cars and luxury SUVs.

*Semua video konten dibagikan, diposting ulang, dan disematkan dari YouTube. Jika ada pelanggaran atau kesalahan, silakan hubungi kami untuk menghapusnya. Email feedback MobilBerita Toyota Hilux TerbaruFord Ranger Raptor 2023 adalah varian flagship dari Ford Ranger terbaru yang kini hadir di Tanah Air lewat pihak RMA Indonesia. Jenis pickup double cabin ini memang menyasar segmen yang cukup berbeda dibanding varian Ford Ranger lainnya. "Untuk Ranger Raptor memang lebih ke konsumen hobi, biasanya mereka yang suka angkut motor besar buat riding ke berbagai daerah, pakai mobil ini," sebut Yanto Mardianto, General Manager Sales and Marketing RMA Indonesia di Jakarta, Kamis 08/06/2023. Baca jugaKehadiran Toyota Hilux Spesifikasi Berita GR Sport di Tanah Air bukan cuma membawa nuansa sporty, namun juga tangguh, dan bertenaga. Mengusung DNA Motorsport TOYOTA GAZOO Racing TGR, Hilux GR Sport pertama kali diperkenalkan di Indonesia melalui ajang GIIAS 2022. Tak berselang lama setelah diperkenalkan, tepatnya pada 7 Desember 2022 PT Toyota Astra Motor TAM secara resmi menjual Toyota Hilux GR Sport. Sekedar informasi, Hilux versi buas ini kini dibandrol Rp764,9 juta. Tertarik membeli Raksasa otomotif asal Jepang, Toyota, ikut andil dalam gelaran Bangkok International Motor Show BIMS 2023 yang digelar 22 Maret-2 April 2023. Di pameran tersebut, Toyota menghadirkan empat mobil konsep terbaru yang mengusung kendaraan ramah lingkungan, salah satunya Toyota Hilux Listrik. 'Toyota Multi-ways for a Better World', begitulah konsep yang diusung booth Toyota selama gelaran BIMS ke-44, dimana perusahaan tersebut berkomitmen mendukung untuk upaya netralitas karbon sebagai strategi saaPT Toyota Astra Motor TAM kini menawarkan Toyota Hilux Box untuk menemapi varian pickup yang bisa jadi solusi bagi konsumen, khususnya pelanggan komersial dan pebisnis. Menurut Vice President Director of TAM Henry Tanoto, untuk pembelian Toyota Hilux Single Cabin maka bisa mendapatkan pilihan paket Dry Box maupun Refrigerated Box, sehingga bisa disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan. Baca juga Toyota Indonesia Tak Lagi Ekspor Yaris, Akibat Ada Innova Zenix? "Terlebih Hilux Box ini memiliki kapasitas anPerusahaan pemasok kendaraan komersial bertenaga daya listrik, SEA Electric baru-baru ini menyepakati kerjasama dengan MEVCO untuk menyediakan mobil selama lima tahun ke depan mengadopsi basis Toyota Hilux dan Toyota Land Cruiser dalam versi EV. Nantinya kedua mobil listrik tersebut digunakan dalam kegiatan industri pertambangan di Australia menggantikan mobil bermesin diesel. Didirikan di Australia dan berkantor pusat di Amerika Serikat, SEA Electric menawarkan kit konversi mobil listrik Perbandingan Toyota HiluxKamu Juga SukaMerek Mobil Populer

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feature available when vehicle is safely stopped artinya